Class10 Nelson Mandela in assamese, নেলচন মাণ্ডেলা, Nelson Mandela question answer.

 

Nelson Manda Long Walk to Freedom
(নেলচন মাণ্ডেলা স্বাধীনতালৈ দীঘলীয়া যাত্ৰা)

Summary (সাৰাংশ)

        Nelson Mandela - Long Walk to Freedom is an autobiographical piece that outlines the end of apartheid in South Africa and the beginning of a new, unbiased form of government. In this textual piece, which is an extract from his autobiography, Nelson Mandela talks of the day he was inaugurated as the first black President of a new nation, vividly describing the presence of intermational leaders who had come to welcome the wind of change that was now blowing over his country. He reflects on the struggles that lead to this momentous day. He reminisces about all the countless days of struggle and suffering that he and many brave African patriots, who had since passed away, had to face to end the decades of oppression and brutalitýMHe discusses his own upbringing and how the realisation dawned upon him as he grew from a child to a youth that he and all his people of dark skin were not free, and how he then became animated to fight for freedom for all. In doing so he was separated from his family and forced to live a life of secrecy and rebellion.PThis piece ends on a thoughtful note that not only is the freedom of the oppressed curtailed, but the oppressor too is prisoned by the hatred in his mind - the prejudices and his narrow mindedness.

        নেলছন মেণ্ডেলা - লং ৱাক টু ফ্ৰীডম হৈছে এক আত্মজীৱনীমূলক অংশ যিয়ে দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকাত বৰ্ণবৈষম্যৰ সমাপ্তি আৰু চৰকাৰৰ এক নতুন, পক্ষপাতহীন ৰূপৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ ৰূপৰেখা প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। তেওঁৰ আত্মজীৱনীৰ এক নিষ্কাশন এই পাঠ্য অংশটোত নেলছন মেণ্ডেলাই তেওঁক এখন নতুন ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ প্ৰথম কৃষ্ণাঙ্গ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি হিচাপে উদ্বোধন কৰাৰ দিনটোৰ বিষয়ে কয়, যিসকলে এতিয়া তেওঁৰ দেশৰ ওপৰত প্ৰবাহিত হোৱা পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ বতাহক আদৰণি জনাবলৈ অহা অন্তৰ্নিহিত নেতাসকলৰ উপস্থিতিৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্টভাৱে বৰ্ণনা কৰে। তেওঁ এই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দিনটোলৈ লৈ যোৱা সংগ্ৰামৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰতিফলিত কৰে। তেওঁ সেই সকলো অগণন দিনৰ সংগ্ৰাম আৰু কষ্টৰ কথা মনত পেলাই ছে যিবোৰ তেওঁ আৰু বহুতো সাহসী আফ্ৰিকান দেশপ্ৰেমী, যিয়ে তেতিয়াৰ পৰা মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰিছিল, দশকজুৰি হোৱা অত্যাচাৰৰ সমাপ্তিৰ বাবে সন্মুখীন হ'ব লগা হৈছিল আৰু পাশৱিকতাৰ যুগৰ অন্ত পেলাবলৈ পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ নিজৰ লালন-পালনৰ বিষয়ে আলোচনা কৰিছে আৰু কেনেকৈ তেওঁ শিশুৰ পৰা যুৱকলৈ ডাঙৰ হোৱাৰ লগে লগে উপলব্ধি টোৱে গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল যে তেওঁ আৰু তেওঁৰ সকলো ক'লা ছালৰ লোক মুক্ত নহয়। আৰু তেওঁ কেনেকৈ সকলোৰে বাবে স্বাধীনতাৰ বাবে যুঁজিবলৈ উৎসাহিত হৈছিল সেই কথা আলোচনা কৰিছে। এনে কৰোতে তেওঁ তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালৰ পৰা পৃথক হৈ পৰিছিল আৰু গোপনীয়তা আৰু বিদ্ৰোহৰ জীৱন যাপন কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল। পিএই টুকুৰাটো এটা চিন্তাশীল টোকাত শেষ হয় যে কেৱল নিপীড়িতসকলৰ স্বাধীনতাই খৰ্ব হোৱাৰ সমান্তৰাল ভাৱে মনৰ ঘৃণা, পক্ষপাতমূলক বিচাৰ আৰু সংকীৰ্ণ মনোভাৱৰ দ্বাৰা নিষ্পেষণকাৰীজন কাৰাৰুদ্ধ হয়।

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
(পাঠভিত্তিক প্ৰশ্নোত্তৰ)

INTEXT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

ACTIVITY (কাৰ্যকলাপ) :

(Texthook Page No. 17) (পাঠ্যপুথিৰ পৃষ্ঠা 17)

In Column A are some expressions you will find in the text. Make a guess and match each expression with an appropriate meaning from Column B.

(স্তম্ভ এ-ত আপুনি পাঠত পোৱা কিছুমান অভিব্যক্তি আছে। এটা অনুমান কৰক আৰু স্তম্ভ বি-ৰ পৰা উপযুক্ত অৰ্থৰ সৈতে প্ৰতিটো অভিব্যক্তি মিলাওক।)

Ans:

Oral Comprehension Check (মৌখিক বোধশক্তিৰ পৰীক্ষা)

(Textbook Page No. 18)

1. Where did the ceremonies take place? Can you name any public buildings in India that are made of sandstone?

অনুষ্ঠানবোৰ ক'ত অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল? ভাৰতৰ যিকোনো ৰাজহুৱা ভৱনৰ নাম দিব পাৰিবানে যিবোৰ এনে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত?

Ans. The ceremonies took place in the lovely sandstone amphitheatre vat Pretoria, formed by the Union Buildings.

        There are many public buildings in India that are made of sandstone. They include the Red fort, Humayun's Tomb, Qutub Minar, and Swaminarayan Temple in New Delhi, the palaces and buildings of Fatehpur Sikri, Hawa Mahal of Jaipur, Mosque at Taj Mahal, Maharaja's Palace at Jaisalmer, besides governmental buildings like the Parliament House, Presidential House, Supreme Court building, etc. in Delhi.

2. Can you say how 10 May is an 'autumn day in South Africa?

(১০ মে'কেনেকৈ দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকাত 'শৰতৰ দিন?)

Ans. South Africa is located in the Southern hemisphere, so autumn falls in the month of May. Thus 10 May is an "autumn day in South Africa.

3. At the beginning of his speech, Mandela mentions "an extraordinary human disaster." What does he mean by this? What is the "glorious... human achievement" he speaks of at the end?

( ভাষণৰ আৰম্ভণিতে মেণ্ডেলাই "এক অসাধাৰণ মানৱ দুৰ্যোগ"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা তেওঁ কি বুজায়? "গৌৰৱময়... কি। মানৱীয় সাফল্য"ৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ শেষত কয়?)

Ans. The 'extraordinary human disaster' that Mandela mentions at the beginning of his speech is a reference made to the practice of apartheid that was followed in South Africa. This practice had led to the segregation of the human society on the basis of race and it denied the black people all their constitutional rights while allowing the white skinned people to rule over them.

          The end of apartheid leading to the establishment of a democratic government free from any racial bindings was the glorious.. human achievement' that Mandela speaks of at the end of his speech. It was the beginning of the formation of a more tolerant society that neither believed in raciall discrimination nor in the oppression of one by another. Thus the election of a democratic government in South Africa, that too with a black as its president, was a 'glorious human achievement' because it meant liberation of the nation's citizens from all forms of discrimination based on caste, creed or colour. 

4. What does Mandela thank the international leaders for?

(মেণ্ডেলাই আন্তৰ্জাতিক নেতাসকলক কিহৰ বাবে ধন্যবাদ জনাইছে?)

Ans. Mandela in his speech thanks the international leaders for being with the African people and supporting them in their jubilant victory over racial discrimination by recognising the newly formed nation. The presence of international leaders on South Afriican soil also meant the renewal of diplomatic ties with all the toreign countries that had earlier boycotted the nation because of its apartheid system of governance. So Mandela aptly thanks them for their presence.

5. What ideals does he set out for the future of South Africa?

Ans. Mandela has high hopes about the future of the newly formed nation of South Africa and accordingly sets out a few ideals that he hopes will help the nation prosper and advance. Mandela dreams of a nation free from poverty and sufferings. He wants the society to be free from racial and gender discriminations. All people were to be treated as one and were to work as one to liberate everyone from the bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering and all kinds of discrimination.

Oral Comprehension Check(মৌখিক বোধশক্তিৰ পৰীক্ষা)

(Textbook Page No. 21)

1. What do the military generals do? How has their attitude changed, and why?

Ans. The military generals march past Mandela as he stands on the podium and salute him. In doing so, they pledge their loyalty to him and to the newly formed nation of South Africa.

          The abolition of apartheid system has led to the change in the attitude of the military officials. Earlier during the apartheid era, the law was biased and black skinned people, especially those who stood up against apartheid, were treated as outlaws; in that situation these same generals would have arrested Mandela. But in the new nation, formed due to unimaginable sacrifices by countless patriots, outlooks had changed and after fair elections Mandela was chosen as the President of the nation. So those same people who would earlier have arrested Mandela, now salute him.

2. Why were the two national anthems sung? (দুটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগীত কিয় গোৱা হৈছিল?)

Ans. The two national anthems were sung to show solidarity, mutual acceptance and reverence to both. Rising above racial barriers, the blacks and the whites sang what had been "the other's" anthem until that day, while also singing their own anthem. The singing of both the national anthems was symbolic of the people's intent to build a multicatural nation devoid of any kind of discrimination.

3. How does Mandela describe the systems of government in his country (i) in the first decade, and (i) in the final decade, of the twentieth century? 

Ans. In the first decade of the twentieth century, the government in Mandela's country created one of the most inhumane societies that was based on social discrimination and intolerance, under the practice of apartheid. On the other hand, in the final decade of the twentieth century, after years of struggle and sacrifice by a countless number of people, the system of apartheid was revoked and replaced by a system of a free society that recognised the rights of all people, irrespective of their race and creed.

4. What does courage mean to Mandela?

Ans. Courage, to Mandela, means man's triumph over his fears. It does not mean an absence of fear but rather the ability to conquer one's fears.

5. Which does he think is natural, to love or to hate?

Ans. Mandela thinks that love comes naturally to human beings and hatred is a feeling cultivated over time due to social or political pressures.

Oral Comprehension Check

(Textbook Page No. 24)

1. What twin obligations" does Mandela mention?

Ans. Mandela says that each person has twin obligations, i.e. two duties that he is bound to fulfil: the first, obligations to the members of his family- parents, wife and children; and the second, obligations to his people, his community and his country.

2. What did being free mean to Mandela as a boy, and as a student? How does he contrast these "transitory freedoms" with "the basic and honourable freedome ?

Ans. When Mandela was a boy, being free meant the ability to run around in the fields near his home, to swim in the village stream, to roast corn under the open sky and to ride on the backs of the bulls. As a student, freedom to him meant being able to stay out at night, read whatever he wanted to, and go wherever he chose to go. As Mandela grew up he soon realised that ihese were all transitory or temporary freedoms, and the desire for basic and honourable freedom came to him with youth. These included a desire to do all that he had the potential abiliay to do, to earn his own living, to get married and have a family and do all that he could do in livinga life that was lawful.

3. Does Mandela think the oppressor is free? Why/Why not?

Ans. Mandela believes that like the oppressed the oppressor too is not free. In being able to oppress another human being, one already is jailed behind the bars of prejudice and narrow mindedness; and in taking away someone's freedom the oppressor himself becomes a prisoner of hatred.

TEXTUAL EXERCISES
(পাঠভিত্তিক অনুশীলনী )

Thinking about the Text (পাঠ সম্পৰ্কীয় চিন্তন):

(Textbook Page No. 24)

1. Why did such a large number of international leaders attend the inauguration? What did it signify the triumph of?

Ans. Since the first decade of the twentieth century South Africabhad adopted a system of apartheid by which the white skinned people dominated over the dark-skinned Africans in an inhumane manner. This had caused the intemational community to shun and boycott the nation. However, after years of struggle by the locals, led mainly by Nelson Mandela, apartheid came to an end and democratic elections in which all races participated, were held. Nelson Mandela's party won and he was declared the President. To celebrate the end of apartheid to declare that South Africa was now accepted as a part of the international community, to pay their respects to the man who had made it possible, and to attend the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as South Africa's first black President, such a large number of international leaders had come.

       It signified the triumph of humanity and justice over unjust social discrimination.

2. What does Mandela mean when he says he is "simply the sum of all th0se African patriots" who had gone before him?

Ans. There had been thousands of African patriots who had laid down their lives fighting apartheid. Mandela says that he stands as a representative of all those patriots, that he alone is not responsible for achieving treedom but stands to represent the sufferings and courage of all those who had died fighting for the causse.

3. Would you agree that the "depths of oppression" create "heights of character"? How does Mandela illustrate this? Can you add your own examples to this argument?

Ans. Yes, I agree with Mandela that the "depths of oppression create "heights of character". Mandela illustrates this by giving the example of how years and years of oppression and brutality In South Africa had produced many great leaders who had extraordinary courage, wisdom and generosity. He intends to say that the more severe the brutality faced by them, the greater was their courage. But since such brutality has now become a thing of the past, so the chances of seeing such people too have been diminished.

The Indian struggle for Independence too gave birth to many freedom fighters whose courage and wisdom remain unmatched till today. The greater the oppression by the British, the more was the resilience and the greater was the determination of the Indians to free themselves of bondage.

4. How did Mandela's understanding of freedom change with age and experience?

Ans. When Mandela was young he believed that freedom was just being allowed to do simple things for himself- like playing as he wanted, reading what he liked and going wherever he chose. However as he grew up he realised that true freedom meant not to be costructed in any way in livIng a lawful life, and it dawned upon him that neither he nor his people were truly free. He then joined the African National Congress and the hunger for his own freedom grew into a hunger for the freedom of all his people. He now desired that they live a life of dignity and self-respect denied to them by the apartheid-practising white government.

5. How did Mandela's 'hunger for freedom' change his life?

Ans. Mandela's realisation that his people were not being allowed to live a life of dignity and self-respect in their own country awoke in him a hunger to fight for the freedom of his countrymen, and for this he joined the African National Congress. He was now an awakened human being with a serious purpose. He who used to fear his oppressors now became a bold speaker who had the courage to stand up against them; he who had willingly followed the law as an attorney, now became a criminal in the eyes of the white law; he who had loved life, now lived the life of a monk; and he who had loved his family was now forced to live away from them.

Thinking about Language (ভাষা সম্পৰ্কীয় চিন্তন) :
(Texthook Page No. 24)

1. There are nouns in the text (formation, government) which are formed from the corresponding verbs (form, govern) by suffixing  (ar)ion or ment. There may be a change in the spelling of some verb noun pairs: such as rebel, rebellion; constitute, constitution.

1.Make a list of such pairs of nouns and verbs in the text.

Noun                         Verb

rebellion                    rebel

constitution              constitute

Ans:

Noun                           Verb

rebellion                     rebel

constitution               Constitute

inauguration              inaugurate

oppression                oppress

celebration                celebrate

imagination               imagine

installation                install

expression                express

separation                separate

emancipation          emancipate

discriminatation     discriminate

achievement            achieve

demonstration         demonstrate

domination               dominate

inclination                 incline

existence                  exist

deprivation               deprive

suffering                   suffer

2. Read the paragraph below. Fill in the blanks with the noun forms of the verbs in the brackets.

Martin Luther King's____________(contribute) to our history as an outstanding leader began when he came to the________(assist) of Rosa Parks, a seamstress who refused to give up her seat on a bus to awhite passenger. In those days American Blacks were confined to positions of second class citizenship by restrictive laws and customs. To break these laws would_________(subjugate) and____________(humiliate) by the mean police and the legal system. Beating,_____________(imprison) and osometimes death awaited those who defied the System. Martin Luther King s tacties of protest involved non-violent________(resist) to racial injustice.

Ans. Martin Luther King's contribution to our history as an  outstanding leader began when he came to the assistance of Rosa Parks, a seamstress who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. In those days American Blacks were confined to positions of second class citizenship by restrictive laws and customs. To break these laws would mean subjugation and humiliation by the police and the legal system. Beatings, imprisonment and sometimes death awaited those who defied the system. Martin Luther King's tactics of protest involved non-violent resistance to racial injustice.

WRITING(লিখন):

(Textbook page no. 28)

I. Looking at Contrasts

Nelson Mandela’s writing is marked by balance : many sentences have two parts in balance.

Use the following phrases to complete the sentences given below.

(i) they can be taught to love

(ii) I was born free.

(iii) but the triumph over it.

(iv) but he who conqures that fear

(v) to creat such heights of character

1. It requires such depths of oppression ……………..

2. Courage was not the absence of fear ………………

3. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid …………

4. If people can learn to hate …………………..

5. I was not born with a hunger to be free …………………

Answers:

1. It requires such depths of oppression to create such heights of character.

2. Courage was not the absence of fear but the triumph over it.

3. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear.

4. If people can learn to hate, they can be taught to love.

5. I was not bom with a hunger to be free, I was bom free.

II. This text repeatedly contrasts the past with the present or the future. We can use coordinated clauses to contrast two views, for emphasis or effect.

Given below are sentences carrying one part of the contrast. Find in the text the second part of the contrast, and complete each item. Identify the words which signal the contrast. This has been done for you in the first item.

1. For decades the Union Buildings had been the seat of white supremacy, and now ______

2. Only moments before, the highest generals of the South African defence force and police … saluted me and pledged their loyalty. … not so many years before they would not have saluted ______

3. Although that day neither group knew the lyrics of the anthem … they would soon ______

4. My country is rich in the minerals and gems that lie beneath its soil, ______

5. The Air Show was not only a display of pinpoint precision and military force, but ______

6. It was this desire for the freedom of my people … that transformed ______ into a bold one, that drove ______ to become a criminal, that turned ______ into a man without a home.

Answers:

1. ………. it was the site of a rainbow gathering of different colours and nations ……….

2. ………. they would not have saluted but arrested me.

3. ………. neither group knew the lyrics of the anthem they once despised ………. known the chords by heart.

4. ………. I have always known that its greatest wealth is its people, finer and truer than the purest diamonds.

5. ………. a demonstration of the military loyalty to democracy, to a new government ……….

6. ………. a frightened young man ………. a law-abiding attorney to become a criminal, that turned a family-loving husband into a man without a home.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰশ্নোত্তৰ

1. According to Nelson Mandela what does the spectacular display by his country's military force on the day of his inauguration as President, signify?

Ans: Accrding to Nelson Mandela the spectacular display by South Attca's military force on the day of his inauguration as President, while putting up a show of precision and force, also signified that the country's military was now loyal to democracy and to a government that had been freely and fairly elected.

3. From who does Mandela say, did he learn the meaning of courage? What did he learn about courage?

Ans. Mandela says that his comrades who fought and struggled with him against apartheid taught him the meaning of courage.Seeing them stand up to the harshest brutality with a resilience that detied imagination, seeing them take the gravest risks and even give up their lives for an idea, seeing them stand unrelenting to severe torture gave him a new meaning for courage. He learnt that courage was not, not being afraid, but the conquest of fear.

4. What was it that gave Mandela a glimmer of hope when he was in prison?

Ans. When Mandela was in prison, he had to undergo severe torture and other mind-blowing situations which could break anyone, but in the midst of all the brutality he sometimes sawa flicker of compassionn one of the guards. This display of lhumanity, though very brief, would reassure him and give him hope to keep going.

5. What does Mandela mean when he says-

(i) "Freedom is indivisible."

(ii)The oppressed and the oppressor alike are robbed of their humanity."

Ans: When Mandela realised that his people were not free to live a life of liberty, dignity and self-respect, he could no longer enjoy the limited freedom that he was allowed. He felt that as long as even one of his people had to suffer brutality, it would mcan that all his people were suffering. Hence when his people were tied by the chains of bondage, how could he be free? Hence he says, "Freedom is indivisible.

(ii) When fighting for the freedom of his people, Mandela believed that along with his people, those who werc oppressing them too needed to be freed. They too were prisoners of hatred because they were prejudiced and narrow-minded. 1 hey could not be truly free, l they were responsible for snatching away the freedom of others, as in doing so they were being inhuman. Thus Mandela says, The oppressed and the oppressor alike are robbed of their humanity.

(আশা কৰিছোঁ, এই প্ৰশ্নোত্তৰ খিনিৰে আপোনালোকৰ উপকাৰ হৈছে। অন্য পাঠসমূহৰ উত্তৰ সমূহো এই ৱেবচাইটত উপলব্ধ। সেইবোৰ পাবলৈ তলৰ লিংক্‌ অথবা menu->class10->select subjectত যাব পাৰা।)

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